Separation anxiety is one of the most common behavioural issues dog owners face, second only to aggression (Bradshaw, 2012). It can be a distressing problem for both dogs and their owners, leading to destructive behaviours and emotional turmoil. Let’s explore what separation anxiety is, how to recognize it, and what steps you can take to help your furry friend feel more secure when left alone.
What Is Separation Anxiety?
Separation anxiety occurs when a dog becomes overly distressed in the absence of its owner. It's often linked with other anxieties and phobias, such as a fear of loud noises or thunderstorms (Landsberg, 2013). For a true diagnosis of separation anxiety, the behaviours must only occur in the lead-up to, or during the owner's absence. If these behaviours are present when the owner is around, they may stem from other causes, like boredom or frustration (Landsberg, 2013).
Recognizing the Symptoms
Symptoms of separation anxiety can range from mild to severe and may include:
Chewing or destruction of furniture, doors, or personal items.
Urinating or defecating in the house.
Howling, barking, or whining persistently.
Repetitive behaviours like pacing or circling.
Severe cases may involve dangerous behaviours, such as jumping out of windows or breaking through doors (Stilwell, 2013). In the most extreme situations, dogs may even engage in self-mutilation (Bradshaw, 2012).
Alongside behavioural symptoms, separation anxiety can also manifest physically. Dogs suffering from severe anxiety may develop wounds or experience a spike in cortisol levels—up to 50% higher than normal (Bradshaw, 2012).
Why Does Separation Anxiety Happen?
While there's no single cause for separation anxiety, it's believed to be linked to a range of factors, such as:
Genetics: Some dogs may be more predisposed to anxiety due to their breed or genetic background.
Trauma or abandonment: Dogs that have experienced abandonment, rehoming, or traumatic events may be more susceptible.
Early removal from the mother: Puppies separated from their mother and littermates too soon may develop anxiety later in life (Stilwell, 2013).
Additionally, it's important to consider that some symptoms of anxiety might stem from other issues. For example, a sudden onset of anxiety-like symptoms in an older dog could indicate cognitive dysfunction or medical conditions like thyroid problems (Stilwell, 2013; Landsberg, 2013). Therefore, it's essential to rule out these other causes through blood tests and vet consultations.
How to Identify Triggers
Anxiety often arises from the anticipation of being left alone rather than the separation itself. For instance, your dog might start showing signs of distress when you pick up your car keys or put on your coat, as these actions signal your impending departure (Bradshaw, 2012).
Keeping a diary of your dog's behaviour can be a helpful tool to identify specific triggers. Record your routine, your dog's reactions, and any actions that seem to set off anxiety. It's also useful to consider your history of responses. If your dog has been punished for misbehaviour in the past, it may be more anxious about punishment when you return than about being left alone (Fisher and Mackinnon, 2016).
Treatment and Management
There isn't a one-size-fits-all solution for treating separation anxiety, but there are several strategies that can help manage it effectively:
Behaviour Modification: Encourage your dog to become more independent by rewarding calm behaviour and establishing a consistent routine. Use positive reinforcement to promote desired behaviours.
Environmental Enrichment: Provide toys, puzzles, and activities that can help keep your dog mentally and physically stimulated while you're away. This reduces boredom and anxiety.
Desensitization: Gradually accustom your dog to your departures by leaving for short periods and gradually increasing the duration. This can help reduce the anxiety associated with your absence.
Medication: In some cases, medications like pheromones, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), or Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) may be prescribed by your vet to help manage anxiety more quickly. However, medication should always be used in conjunction with behaviour modification techniques (Landsberg, 2013).
Why Is Separation Anxiety Becoming More Common?
Separation anxiety cases are on the rise, and some experts believe this may be a result of selective breeding. Over generations, dogs have been bred to form strong bonds with their humans, and anxiety when left alone may be an unintended consequence of this trait (Bradshaw, 2012).
Taking Action: How You Can Help Your Dog
If you suspect your dog is suffering from separation anxiety, the best course of action is to consult your veterinarian or a qualified animal behaviourist. They can help you develop a tailored plan that addresses your dog's specific needs.
Monitor and Document: Keep track of behaviours, triggers, and patterns in a diary.
Provide Enrichment and Routine: Give your dog plenty of mental and physical activities to keep them engaged.
Seek Professional Advice: Get a professional evaluation to rule out medical causes and receive guidance on behaviour modification.
Use Medications If Necessary: Under professional guidance, consider medications to help manage symptoms.
Remember, patience and consistency are key when helping a dog with separation anxiety. It may take time to see improvement, but with the right approach, most dogs can learn to feel more comfortable and secure when left alone.
Separation anxiety can be challenging, but understanding the condition, recognizing the signs, and taking proactive steps can make a world of difference for your dog. Your support, along with professional guidance, can help your furry friend feel safer and happier, even when you're not around.
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